Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Contamination is the start of a loss into the mood doing it difficult to do life on Earth conceivable to draw out. Contamination is the introduction of a tainting into the earth. It is made to a great extent by human activities, yet can other than be a result of regular disasters. Contamination has a harming result on any living being in a situation, doing it for all intents and purposes difficult to drag out life. Contamination hurts the Earth ‘s condition and its kin from various perspectives. Nearness of issue ( gas, fluid, strong ) or vitality ( heat, clamor, radiation ) whose nature, area, or measure straight or by implication adjusts highlights or methods of any segment of the earth, and causes ( or has the conceivable to do ) damage to the status, wellbeing, security, or open help of enliven creatures, universes, workss, or things. The introduction of pollutions into a regular habitat that causes shakiness, upset, injury or awkwardness to theA environment for example Physical frameworks or populating organisms.A Pollution can take the signifier ofA compound substancesA orA vitality, for example, commotion, heat, or noticeable radiation. Poisons, the components of contamination, can be remote substances or energies, or obviously happening ; when obviously occurring, they are viewed as defilements when they surpass regular degrees. Contamination is oftentimes classed asA point sourceA orA nonpoint starting contamination. There are two sorts of the reason for contamination, characteristic and man-made. Regular contamination happens obviously and wo n't do over the top injury to our lives because of its recovery capacity. While the semisynthetic contamination is brought about by human exercises, and difficult to procure free of. The grapples of semisynthetic contamination are human populace and building. Normally h uman needs contact to the earth, we get assets from nature. This is for the enthusiasm of life. By the expansion of human populace, the contact is obtaining progressively serious, in light of the fact that requests are expanding. What's more, by the discoveries and improvement of new engineerings, human can utilize them to secure the assets. Furthermore, it ‘s regular that new engineerings would pass on their few symptoms other than their advantages.TYPES OF POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION Commotion POLLUTION LIGHT POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION Warm POLLUTION Boat POLLUTION RADIATION POLLUTIONAir contamination is the growth of unsafe substances into the mood that peril human life and other life issue. Air pollutionA is the introduction ofA synthetic substances, A particulate undertaking, orA organic materialsA that cause injury or awkwardness to universes or other life creatures, or amendss theA common environmentA into theA air. The climate is a perplexing powerful common vaporous framework that is fundamental to back up life on planetA Earth.A StratosphericA ozone consumption because of air contamination has for quite some time been perceived as a danger to human wellbeing each piece great with respect to the Earth'sA biological systems. Air is the sea we relax. Air supplies us with O which is key for our natural structures to populate. Air is 99.9 % N, O, H2O fume and idle gases. Human exercises can relinquish substances into the air, some of which can do tasks for universes, workss, and animals.There are a few boss sorts of contamination and notable impacts of contamination which are regularly examined. These incorporate brown haze, acerb downpour, the nursery result, and â€Å" gaps † in the ozone bed. Every one of these occupations has genuine findings for our health and prosperity each piece great with respect to the entire condition. This sort of contamination is now and again alluded to as â⠂¬Å" dark C † contamination. The exhaust from terminating powers in vehicles, spots, and enterprises is a significant start of contamination noticeable all around. A few governments accept that even the ignition of wood and wood coal in hearths and grills can relinquish significant quanitites of carbon dark into the air. Another kind of contamination is the arrival of harmful gases, for example, S dioxide, C monoxide, N oxides, and substance bluess. These can take parcel in farther substance responses once they are in the climate, arranging exhaust cloud and acerb rain.Major essential poisons delivered by human action include:Sulfur oxidesA ( SOx ) †Sulfur dioxide is a concoction compound with the articulation SO2. SO2A is created by vents and in arranged modern systems. Since coal and unrefined petroleum every now and again contain sulfur aggravates, their consuming creates sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxidesA ( NOx ) †Nitrogen dioxideA are transmitted from high temperature consuming. Nitrogen dioxide is the synthetic compound with the articulation NO2. It is one of the few N oxides. This red-earthy colored harmful gas has a trademark fresh, seize with getting teeth olfactory property. NO2A is one of the most extraordinary air poisons. Carbon monoxideA †It is a dull, scentless, non-aggravating however toxicant gas. It is a product by uncomplete consuming of fuel, for example, flammable gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a significant start of C monoxide. Carbon dioxideA ( CO2 ) †It is aA nursery gas which isA transmitted from consuming yet is other than a gas basic toA life creatures. It is a flammable gas in the mood. Unstable natural compoundsA †VOCs are an of import outside air contamination. In this field they are every now and again partitioned into the different classs of methane ( CH4 ) and non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an exceptionally effective nursery gas which adds to elevate planetary warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are other than significant nursery gases by means of their capacity in making ozone and in extending the life of methane in the atmosphere, despite the fact that the result shifts relying upon neighborhood air quality. ToxicA metals-such asA lead, A cadmiumA andA Cu. ChlorofluorocarbonsA ( CFCs ) †It is unsafe to theA ozone layerA discharged from stocks by and by restricted from use. AmmoniaA ( NH3 ) - Ammonia is transmitted from rural techniques. Alkali is a compound with the articulation NH3. It is normally experienced as a gas with a trademark sharp olfactory property. Smelling salts contributes essentially to the nutritionary requests of terrestrial creatures by working as an antecedent to staple goods and manures. Smelling salts, either straight or by implication, is other than a building obstruct for the blend of numerous pharmaceuticals. In spite of the fact that in wide use, ammonium hydroxide is both acerb and hazardous. OdorsA â€, for example, from decline, sewerage, and modern techniques Radioactive pollutantsA which are delivered byA nuclear explosions, warA explosives, and regular methodology, for example, theA radioactive decayA ofA Rn.Secondary contaminations include:Smog is a kind of air contamination ; the word â€Å" brown haze † is a mix of smoke and mist. Legitimate brown haze results from huge totals of coal burning in a nation brought about by a blend of smoke and S dioxide. Present day brown haze does non regularly originate from coal however from vehicular and mechanical transmissions that are followed up on in the feel by daylight to compose auxiliary toxins that other than consolidate with the essential spreads to sort out photochemical exhaust cloud. Photochemical and concoction responses influencing it drive huge numbers of the synthetic procedures that happen in the feeling by twenty-four hours and by dull. At anomalous high focuses brought roughly by human exercises ( for the most part the consuming of non-renewable energy source ) , it is a contamination, and a segment of brown haze. Peroxyacetyl nitrateA ( PAN ) †similarly shaped from NOxA and VOCs.Minor air contaminations include:A huge figure of minorA unsafe air poisons. A portion of these are managed in USA under theA Clean Air ActA and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. An arrangement ofA tenacious natural contaminations, which can append to particulate undertaking. Constant natural toxins ( POPs ) are natural aggravates that are resistant to ecological degradation through substance, organic, and photolytic techniques. Along these lines, they have been seen to win in the earth, to be prepared to do long-go movement, bioaccumulate in human and bodily tissue, biomagnify in supplement ironss, and to hold conceivable significant effects on human wellbeing and the environment.Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONAnthropogenetic sourcesA ( human action ) generally identified with terminating various sorts ofA fuel â€Å" Stationary Beginnings † incorporate smoke tonss ofA power workss, manufacturing establishments ( plants ) and squander incinerators, each piece great as heaters and different sorts of fuel-consuming warming gadgets â€Å" Mobile Beginnings † includeA engine vehicles, Marine vass, airplane and the outcome of sound and so on. Depletes fromA shade, A hair shower, A varnish, A vaporized spraysA and different dissolvers Squander statement inA landfills, which generateA methane. Methane is non harmful ; by and by, it is amazingly combustible and may compose touchy blends with air. Methane is other than an asphyxiant and may uproot O in an encased endless. Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the O focus is diminished to underneath 19.5 % by displacing. Military, such asA nuclear arms, A harmful gases, A source warfareA andA rocketryNatural beginningsDustA from regular beginnings, ordinarily huge nations of land with little or no verdure. Methane, An emittedA by theA digestionA of supplement byA quicken creatures, for exampleA cowss. RadonA gas from radioactive rot inside the Earth ‘s covering. Radon is a dry, unscented, obviously occurring, radioactive baronial gas that is shaped from the rot of Ra. It is viewed as a wellbeing peril. Radon gas from regular beginnings can move up in structures, especially in bound nations, for example, the basement and it is the second most successive reason for lung dangerous neoplastic infection, after final resting place nail smoke. SmokeA andA C monoxideA fromA fierce blazes. VolcanicA action, which produceA S, A Cl, and ashA particulates.HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTIONThe undermen

A Study in to the Behavioural Aspects of Budgetary Control Process in Dissertation

A Study in to the Behavioral Aspects of Budgetary Control Process in a Manufacturing Organization - Dissertation Example The paper tells when the people and their conduct have begun progressively influencing the budgetary control process, there are conditions in which the changing budgetary control and execution desires influence the worker practices. Anyway it so happens that numerous associations embrace to some degree robotic way to deal with the budgetary control process without the essential thought of the social parts of the individuals engaged with the entire procedure. Hopewood contends, â€Å"Ultimately all types of control must be communicated through the activities of individuals†. It is frequently overlooked that the objectives and destinations of the association must be practiced with the assistance and backing of the people related with the association concerned. In this way it turns out to be crucially significant that the impact of individual conduct on financial plan and the impact of spending plans on the individuals’ game-plan must be deliberately seen to achieve the go als of the association absent a lot of weight on workers and officials at any degree of the association. The weight on people that is being applied by the budgetary procedure for satisfying the exhibition guidelines must be constrained in its degree. In any case such weight itself will get negative in augmenting the commitment by the individual workers. Thus the standards and gauges of execution ought to be fixed to the point that the workers ought to have the option to achieve them with more endeavors. Any out of reach principles fixed by the budgetary procedure will lead just to disappointment among the representatives.

Understanding Suicidal Thoughts in Teens

Understanding Suicidal Thoughts in Teens Depression Suicide Print Understanding Suicidal Ideation in Teens When Teenagers Have Suicidal Thoughts By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 01, 2020 Diverse Images / UIG / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. Suicidal ideation, sometimes referred to as suicidal thoughts, describes thoughts, fantasies, ideas or images related to committing suicide. Contrary to common belief, depression and suicidal thoughts are not limited to adults, but symptoms and warning signs are often different in teens. As a parent, caregiver or friend, the most important thing you can do to support a loved one who is struggling is to learn to recognize what suicidal ideation is, what it looks like in teens, and how to intervene. Passive vs. Active Suicidal Ideation For teens, thoughts of suicide can range from fleeting to making actual plans to end their life. For this reason, mental health professionals discuss suicidal ideation in terms of being either passive or active. Passive suicidal ideation about suicide includes experiencing vague ideas about committing suicide. Suicide is viewed as a possible way to end the pain, but usually, no action is taken. Active suicidal ideation is when a teen experiences persistent thoughts of suicide and continues to feel hopeless. When the ideation is active, a teen begins to take steps to carry out a suicide attempt. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide is the second leading cause of death for children, teens, and young adults between the ages of 10 and 24.   Teen Suicide Statistics What Causes Suicidal Thinking in Teens?   Suicidal ideation in teens is often caused by untreated depression or drug misuse and always needs to be taken seriously. Suicidal thoughts and depression often have many causes. Social difficulties, stress, academic pressures, and other concerns facing teens may contribute to suicidal ideation. Other risk factors include: Poor social relationshipsLack of family supportPhysical or sexual abuseSubstance and alcohol misuseHealth issuesBullying Genetic factors can play a role in depression and suicide risk as well. Teen that experience suicidal thoughts are often more likely to have family members who have died by suicide.?? The Dangers of Untreated Depression in Teens Warning Signs of Suicidal Thoughts There are quite a few signs that your teenager may be experiencing suicidal ideation. Be on the lookout for: Isolation and withdrawing from social contact, especially if its suddenBeing self-destructive or engaging in risk-taking behaviorsLooking for and/or acquiring means to commit suicide, such as getting a gun or a lot of medicationExtreme mood swingsFrequently talking about death or dyingSaying things like, I wish I were dead or I wish I had never been bornGiving away possessions for no particular reasonExpressing hopelessness or a feeling of being trapped with no way outChanges in sleeping, eating or other patternsMaking a point to say goodbye to peopleBeginning to use alcohol and/or drugs, or using them more frequentlyChanging obvious characteristics of their personalityBecoming extremely agitated, upset, depressed and/or anxious Remember, warning signs can be different for every individual, and some teens keep these thoughts and feelings to themselves. If you feel like your teenager is showing any of these signs or are not acting like themselves, be sure to consult your physician as soon as possible. Early intervention is important with any mental illness, and if suicide is something your teen is considering, its an emergency situation.   Teen Suicide Warning Signs and Prevention An Example of Suicidal Ideation Ivana, age 15, feels very sad when her best friend moves away and she experiences a deep sense of loneliness and insecurity. One night she finds herself thinking about suicide as a way to end the painful feelings she is having. She pictures herself taking a bottle of pills and drifting into a deep sleep she will not wake up from. When she wakes up the next day her suicidal ideation has changed, she knows it’s an option but is feeling better and decides to call a friend she hasn’t spoken to in a while. What to Do If a teen is experiencing suicidal thoughts, there are steps that parents, friends and guardians can take. For parents: Keep guns and prescription drugs away from children and teens.Watch for signs of substance use and get help immediately if you suspect there is a problem.Talk openly with your teen and let them know that you recognize their pain.Be supportive, understanding and nonjudgmental.Know the warning signs of suicide and depression. Address Untreated Mental Illness If your teen has symptoms of depression, anxiety or another psychiatric condition, talk to your childs pediatrician. While most people with mental health conditions do not attempt suicide, having an undiagnosed or untreated condition along with other risk factors can make suicide more likely. Never Ignore or Make Light of Suicide Threats Dont dismiss suicidal talk as typical teen drama. If a child is making comments such as I might as well kill myself or I wish I was dead, you need to listen and acknowledge their pain. Let them know that you understand that they are hurting, you are there to offer support and you will help them get the help that they need. Get Them the Help They Need If you are a parent or guardian, talk to your childs pediatrician and get a referral to a professional mental health provider. Your childs doctor or therapist may recommend psychotherapy, medications and lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of suicide. If you are a teen and you are concerned that your friend is thinking about suicide: Take signs of suicide seriously.Encourage your friend to talk to their doctor or a trusted adult.Talk to a teacher, parent or another adult about your friend and your concerns. How to Help Someone Who Is Suicidal

School Violence Among Male Students Essay - 4213 Words

Introduction: The topic that I will be discussing is school violence among male students. School violence is a major problem in the United Sates, and it is becoming more common. I chose to apply the anomie perspective because I believe that there is a connection between school violence and the absence of social control. According to the anomie perspective, â€Å"Society is not a flat collection of equally resourceful and fortunate individuals. It is constructed in a complex hierarchy where people are discriminatively positioned with differential access to power, status, capital, and opportunities† (page 1). Some people are more fortunate than others. Travis Hirschi is one of the advocates of the control theory, which is similar tho the anomie perspective. In the book Deviant Behavior, Thio, Taylor, and Schwarts state, â€Å"Travis Hirschi assumes that all of us are endowed like animals with the ability to commit deviant acts. Most of us do not take advantage of this ability b ecause of our strong bond to society. Conversely, if our social bond is weak, we will commit deviant acts† (page 27). In most cases, students who take a gun to school and shoot and kill other students do not have strong social bonds, and they feel that others are more fortunate than they are because others are easily able to make friends and form meaningful relationships. They fell that those who have stronger social bonds means that they have a higher status and better opportunities to be find happiness throughShow MoreRelatedEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Violence is a malicious act done by a human being that has the intention of harming or killing another living being. Violence is everywhere: in the home, in the school, and in the community. Violence causes negative effects to humans’ mental health. These negative effects may trigger symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and even anxiety. Symptoms of these disorders can be some of the following: anxiousness, avoidant behavior, feeling a loss of motivation, and feeling of uneasinessRead MoreThe Theory Of Equality And Gender Roles1176 Words   |  5 Pageseducation and in a school, furthermore like an institution or a prison where children learn how to behave in the outside work world. Society on a whole put more value on the work of men than women even if the job itself included both genders. 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However, when it comes to identifying the factors of where the dating violence stems from, I don’t usually see a lot being talked about. For example, where the dating violence is taking place, which neighborhoods dating violence is most commonly happening in. Additionally, the overall question is whether or not the environment the teenagers live in, is putting them at a higherRead MoreEssay on The Citadel1279 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective, society is the dominator and man is the subordinate. All of the actions and occurrences in the Citadel cannot be justified, but explaine d. The violence, homoeroticism, and domination within the ramparts of the school can be more clearly understood using the terms and ideas of Scott. In an institution such as this one, males can come together and are no longer part of the public transcript. They bond together and to form their own refuge, away from the beliefs that society embracesRead MoreEffects Of Gunshot Abuse On The United States1588 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States. In addition, for every fatal shooting, there are roughly three nonfatal shootings. Gun-related crime peaked in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s. Since that time, the United States has made steady improvement in reducing gun-related violence. Gun-related homicides have declined by 33 percent since 1993, including a 35-percent drop in handgun homicides. Meanwhile, from 1992 to 1996, murder rates declined by 20 percent, aggravated assaults by 12 percent, and the overall violent crime rateRead MoreEssay On Ipv1227 Words   |  5 Pagestheir partners. The second aim will be to ascertain the possible markers for IPV among the individuals taking part in the study who do engage in it. The study wil l be a longitudinal study. 4 districts of rural Uttar Pradesh which are the worst affected areas by IPV, will be selected for this study. A school from each district will be chosen and a course structure will be provided to the schools. Half of the male students currently studying in the 10th grade will be taught this course, which will eventuallyRead MoreBullying Is Not New, And It?1638 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone hears the story. It happens almost too much and sometimes just an ordinary day of a teenager’s life. A young teenager comes home crying to her mother that she was picked on at school. Her best friend made fun of what she was wearing, did not sit with her at lunch, and talked about her behind her back. Everyone has gone through this sometime in their life—being teased or picked on. However, when does it come to the point of bullying? The topic of bullying is not new, and it happens to more

The Ghost Of The Late King Hamlet - 1374 Words

Although some may think the ghost of the late King Hamlet in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet is a demon, but the truth is that Hamlet’s father didn t reveal himself to anyone besides Hamlet because he knew his son would avenge his death allowing him to receive divine in Heaven. Throughout the Elizabethan Era no one in that time period knew how much of an influence they would have on all of the world. In Caffery’s words, â€Å"[The] Elizabethan Era was a period of time from 1558 to 1603 known as the golden age in English history. Queen Elizabeth I reigned over England while all around the arts flourished in the society† (Caffrey). William Shakespeare was one of the most iconic writers in this era, for his use of all the genres like history, tragedy, and comedy in his plays and sonnets. During this time people became more comfortable with this unknown that most plays and sonnets included like purgatory, but they were still not comfortable with talking a bout ghosts walking on the earth. Even though each religious leader in the Elizabethan Era set how their people should have thought about Purgatory, they all had the same definition of what it was. Purgatory is defined as, â€Å"‘the prison in which ghosts were normally incarcerated, though they might be allowed to escape now and then to briefly haunt those of the living whose zeal in their behalf was insufficient† (Low). A soul that is repenting their sins in Purgatory is called a Poor Soul unlike the Damned who are the souls inShow MoreRelatedThe Ghost Of Late King Hamlet1816 Words   |  8 PagesWhile reading Hamlet, there are many unanswered questions pop up, which can be very tricky to find a definite answer to. 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The firstRead MoreKing Hamlet By William Shakespeare1641 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience and his readers the freedom to interpret the deeper meaning of his work. Of the many themes in the play â€Å"Hamlet†, the concept of memory is the most influential, specifically, the memory of King Hamlet represented by the ghost. The memory of King Hamlet created an aura of mystery within the play, leaving much of it open to interpretation. Moreover, the memory of the late King Hamlet was the driving force of the plot, initiating many of the important events that occurred within it. Lastly, itRead MoreHamlet : A Fragile Mind1429 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet with a fragile mind as it is with the death of his father and the the commitment made by both his mother and his uncle has been told of a ghost sighting outside of elsinore by the guards of Denmark. He is then asked to watch upon the night to see if it is or is not the ghost of his late father. With everything that has been going on i n Hamlet’s life is he prepared to encounter such a paranormal event; or, is he not in the right state of mind to acknowledge and comprehend his late father’sRead MoreWhen Reading Any Article, Novel Or Play, Readers Are Always1510 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience and his readers the freedom to interpret the deeper meaning of his work. Of all themes in the play â€Å"Hamlet†, the concept of memory is the most influential, more specifically, the memory of King Hamlet represented by the ghost. The memory of King Hamlet created an idea of mystery within the play, leaving much of it open to interpretation. Moreover, the memory of the late King Hamlet was the driving force of the play and initiated many of the important events that occurred within it. LastlyRead MoreHidden Ghost By William Shakespeare1375 Words   |  6 PagesHidden Ghost In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, King Hamlet is killed by Claudius, Prince Hamlet’s uncle. 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Characters Laurence Olivier- Prince Hamlet Eileen Herlie – Queen Gertrude Basil Sydney- King Claudius (current king of Denmark) Jean Simmons- Ophelia (Polonius’s Daughter) Norman Wooland –Horatio (Hamlet’s friend) Felix Aylmer -Polonius John Laurie –FranciscoRead MoreTheme Of Deception In Hamlet1338 Words   |  6 Pagesis a need to conceal the truth and also expose the truth. The play Hamlet written by Shakespeare is built around the central theme of deceit. Deceit is used to cover past mistakes that might have once impacted the characters greatly or to conceal an important secret. Every character indulges in some form of deceit whether it be big or small. The most evident characters, however, used deceit to expose and kill one another. Hamlet used deceit to discover the truth but also deceive oneself. ClaudiusRead MoreHamlet - Why Did Hamlet Delay Killing the King? 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By reviewing Act 1, Scene 1 of Hamlet, the reader is able to establish a clear understanding of events to come. This scene effectively sets a strong mood

WebDesPix Ltd case study questions Free Essays

1. What does the name WebDesPix Ltd tell you about the ownership of the company? It tells us that it is a private limited company; this means that it is in the private sector and it must have the letters ‘Ltd’ after its name. The main features of a private limited company include: * It is owned by the shareholders. We will write a custom essay sample on WebDesPix Ltd case study questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now * It is controlled by the board of directors. * It is managed by appointed managers. * Finance can be gained by borrowing from banks or selling shares. * The profits go to the shareholders of the company, in the form of dividends. Socratic Seminar Questions 2. Give (2 or more) reasons why they may have decided on this type of company? This type of business is more expensive to set up than a sole trader or a partnership, however: * It carries less financial risk for the owners as they have limited liability, which means that if the company goes bust, they only lose the amount of money that they invested in the company and not their personal possessions. * Limited companies are also incorporated which means that the company has a separate legal identity from its owners. Which means that it is the company that can be sued or sue, not the owners. * It also gives the company greater continuity because its existence is not ended by the death or retirement of its owners. 3. Tom and Dee are shareholders. What does this mean? * It means that Tom and Dee are the people who invest money in the company by buying shares, and are therefore called shareholders. It also means that they are the owners of the company. * By buying shares in the company Tom and Dee are entitled to a share of the profits known as dividend. How much dividend a shareholder receives depends on how well the company is performing, the type of share they own, and the number of shares they own. * This also means that as they are shareholders they can elect people to the board of directors to represent their interest and be responsible for the long term strategy of the company. The directors will then appoint managers to be responsible for the day-to-day running of the company. Also, some managers may also be directors and are known as executive directors. In a private limited company the major shareholders, board of directors and managers may all be the same people. 4. They have an overdraft facility. Explain how an overdraft works and say what they might use if for. An overdraft is when a business draws more money from its bank account than it currently has in the account. It has permission from the bank, which sets an agreed limit called an overdraft limit. Interest is payable on the overdraft and this is calculated on a daily basis. An advantage of an overdraft is that money is only borrowed when needed; this means that interest is only paid when the bank account is overdrawn. The big disadvantage about an overdraft is that the bank can insist that it is repaid immediately. However, because of its flexibility an overdraft is probably the most frequently used way to solve a cash flow problem. The table shows the advantages and disadvantages of overdrafts: Advantages of overdrafts Disadvantages of overdrafts Flexibility-can change the amount borrowed within limits. Cannot be used for large borrowing. Interest is only paid on amounts borrowed. Rates of interest higher than loans. Bank can change limit at any time or ask for money to be paid sooner than expected. Used for anything wages, computer repairs etc 5. List 4 products the company offers. * Web design is still the core business of the company, but new services are also offered. * Electronic newsletters. * Domain registrations. * Hosting and search engine optimisation. * The company offers three standard web design packages, this is -budget at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800 -professional at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 -and executive at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 Each package provides a number of web pages, e-mail facilities and the cost of hosting the site. * WDP (WebDesPix Ltd) give a quotation to clients who require non-standard packages (a quotation is just an estimated price for job or service). 6. All their products are marketed online. Explain 3 advantages of this when compared to selling from a shop on the high street. Firstly, buying and selling products online is called e-commerce. The advantages of this include: * Websites can be used to reach wider markets; this means that the internet provides extra marketing possibilities. * The internet can be accessed all over the world-this makes it possible to target potential customers in foreign countries. * A company can put marketing material on its own website, or it could pay to advertise on other websites. * A good website can really help a firm’s competitiveness and increase its market share. * Firms can market and sell goods through their website 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (’24/7†²). * By using the strategy of marketing and selling ’24/7†², it can give e-commerce firms an advantage over the traditional 9-5 businesses, as customers can shop at home, at a time which is convenient to them. 7. The company wants to build up their brand name. List 3 advantages of having a strong brand name. * Businesses will hope that this leads to brand loyalty, where customers will repeat-buy because they prefer the look, taste, quality or image of their products. * If the company’s name becomes established with one product, it may encourage customers to buy different products bearing that name. * Customers can be reasonably sure about the quality they will get with branded goods. 8. What are overheads? Overheads (also called fixed costs or indirect costs) are costs which do not change whether the business produces lots of goods, or produces no goods at all. These are costs which still have to be paid, regardless of output. For example, the rent on a shop will still have to be paid, whether or not the shop has any customers. Examples of overheads are: -interest payment on loans. -managers’ salaries. – Rates payable to the local council. -rent of premises. -gas -electricity -telephone costs -administration costs – and advertising 9. Explain why the company has relatively small overheads. The company has relatively small overheads because it is labour intensive. * It builds and upgrades its own computers. * Vacancies are just advertised on the company’s website and at regular networking meetings with other businesses in the Bristol area. 10. List 2 factors which influenced the company to locate in Bristol. * They could have run the company from anywhere in England, but as they were all from different parts of the country it was easier to locate in Bristol where they had all studied (it was more convenient). * Bristol is a large city with good infrastructure, so transport is not a problem. * There is a university in Bristol, so the business is close to an educated working force. 11. List 3 non-financial fringe benefits available to the employees. * Free lunch each Friday. * The use of a Wii during their breaks. * Free health insurance after six months employment. 12. Give 2 reasons why the company gives fringe benefits. * To motivate their employees so that they feel valued by the company and are therefore more productive as well. * Helps attract and retain better qualified employees. * Improves efficiency and productivity as employees are assured of security for themselves (as well as their families). 13. Some employees receive a monthly bonus based on turnover. Explain bonus. Full-time employees receive a monthly bonus based on turnover. A bonus is a monetary reward. It can be paid within both the time rate and piece rate systems. Under the time rate system, a bonus is paid if the workers reach their production targets, which could be hourly, daily or weekly targets. 14. Explain one advantage of giving these employees a bonus. -this encourages workers to work at their maximum output, and so overcome the problem of the lack of incentive. It also increases the productivity, efficiency and motivation of employees, which may also increase their happiness. 15. Give one disadvantage of giving them a bonus. The disadvantage is that the employees expect a bonus and moral drops sharply when the bonus is not paid. 16. The 2 sales assistants receive commission in addition to their salary. Explain commission. Commission is a monetary incentive that the company can offer in addition to their basic pay. It is a payment to people who are employed in selling the products or services of a business. 17. Explain one advantage of giving these employees commission. This system ensures that employees have to work hard to earn their pay, but if they are successful, their earnings can be unlimited. 18. Give one disadvantage of giving them commission. If they fail to meet the required turnover or sales figures, they receive no commission. 19. List 2 advantages of using email. * It is quick and easy to send emails, as it allows communication easily over a number of sites. * People can keep in touch very easily-as many messages can be sent. * Messages can also be keyed-in and stored until they are needed. * One email can be sent to a number of different people at the same time. * They are very convenient, as multiple attachments can be sent. * It is easier to refer back to emails rather than looking through different pieces of paper. 20. Explain why the company might use video conferencing. Video conferencing is fast becoming more and more popular with companies. It involves using computer links and closed-circuit television, allowing people to hear and see each other. The advantages include: * Saves people travelling to meetings. * Large savings can then be made in terms of time and cost. * Face-to-face communication is possible rather than using telephone or letter. How to cite WebDesPix Ltd case study questions, Free Case study samples

Othello Love Essays - Othello, English-language Films, British Films

Othello Love Othello: Not Wisely, but Too Well Essay submitted by Joe Masters William Shakespeare presents an excellent leader but a poor reasoner in Othello. The eponymous hero has strength, charisma, and eloquence. Yet these ideals of leadership do not bode well in real world situations. The battlefield and Senate are, at least in Othello, depicted as places of honor, where men speak truly. In addition, the matters of war and state are relatively simple; no one lies to Othello, all seem to respect him. He never even has to fight in the play, with the enemy disappearing by themselves. This simplistic view does not help him in matters of the heart. His marriage is based on tall tales and pity and his friendships are never examined; he thinks that anyone who knows him love him. Thus the ultimate evaluation of Othello must be that, although he leads well and means well, he lacks good judgement and common sense. This becomes most plainly obvious in his final two speeches, where even though the play ends properly, and in a dignified way, Othello never fully realizes or takes responsibility for what has happened. These two last orations of Othello are noble in speech and purpose, but lack comprehension. He uses the first to attack himself for his horrible deed; certainly this is the first reaction of anyone who has wrongly killed his beloved. He delivers condemnation upon himself with eloquence and anguish. The latter speech he gives in his final role as a leader, directing the men who remain about how to deal with what has happened and showing them he has purged the evil. In his initial self-loathing and remorse at realizing the truth of Desdemona's innocence, Othello is genuinely anguished. This look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven, / And fiends will snatch at it. (V.2.325-326) It is clear that he is in torment because of her death, and because he himself did the deed. For the first time, it appears that Othello is at a loss with what to do with his power: Do you go back dismayed? / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Who can control his fate? he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an ill-starred wench - is hardly a gallant course of action. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. Indeed, it is Othello's final soliloquy that ultimately seals his fate as a man who lacks critical thinking skills. This is because these are his final words, and they deal with fact, not emotion. He addresses the reasons behind his downfall, and decides how he wants others to see him, in terms of the story and how he takes responsibility for it. It is a noble speech, and a dubiously noble ending, but still, like Othello, flawed. The setting for Othello's final moments onstage is critical to how it is perceived by Othello, the other players onstage, and the audience. It lends credence to the nobility of the situation, and adds to Othello's misguided self-perception. The experience, in itself, is perfect. The day is slowly breaking as the first strands of light are filtering through the shutters on Othello's bedroom windows. Othello has moved out of the darkness he was sitting in when he began his first speech, and while standing in light, speaks of how he has been enlightened of what occurred. He holds back the company of men who seek to take him to prison or worse with a hand and Soft, you. With this he also silences the sounds around him, and delivers a noble address, in the light, standing tall. It is an ending suitable for the most dignified of men. And yet, for all the splendor, glory, and excellence of tongue, his final words show that he does not quite understand himself or what he has done. His goal is to tell the emissaries from Venice what has happened, but he lacks insight in his articulation. Every step of his short recitation reveals an inaccuracy

Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols

In the earlier centuries, Macbeth’s story is not seen as wrong and tragic, but as a powerful study of a heroic individual who commits an evil act and pays an enormous price as his conscience destroys him. When people read about Macbeth now they see tragedy with a crazed man who does not feel that he can get enough power. In this play his speeches of despair show that Shakespeare shared late-twentieth-century feelings of alienation. Today there are new attitudes towards witches and witchcraft being expressed, different questions have also been raised about the way maleness and femaleness are portrayed in the play. â€Å"As with so many of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth speaks to each generation with a new voice.† (xiv) It is important to look at the themes, motifs, and symbols that the author displays throughout his work. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text major themes. Violence is a very important motif in the play, Macbeth. Even though in most of the play murders take place off the stage, the characters provide gruesome descriptions of the murder and it makes the play extremely violent. Hallucinations also recur throughout the play. â€Å" Is this dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch Thee†¦A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?† (II, I) They are reminders of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s evil plan to get rid of the King. Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air, as he is about to kill Duncan. The dagger, covered in blood and pointed towards the king’s chamber, represents the cruelty he is about to commit. Macbeth is not the only one to see awful visions, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks and believes that her hands are stained in blood and they will live in sin and without any religion. The hallucinations that are shown throughout the play represent their conscience a... Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols In the earlier centuries, Macbeth’s story is not seen as wrong and tragic, but as a powerful study of a heroic individual who commits an evil act and pays an enormous price as his conscience destroys him. When people read about Macbeth now they see tragedy with a crazed man who does not feel that he can get enough power. In this play his speeches of despair show that Shakespeare shared late-twentieth-century feelings of alienation. Today there are new attitudes towards witches and witchcraft being expressed, different questions have also been raised about the way maleness and femaleness are portrayed in the play. â€Å"As with so many of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth speaks to each generation with a new voice.† (xiv) It is important to look at the themes, motifs, and symbols that the author displays throughout his work. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text major themes. Violence is a very important motif in the play, Macbeth. Even though in most of the play murders take place off the stage, the characters provide gruesome descriptions of the murder and it makes the play extremely violent. Hallucinations also recur throughout the play. â€Å" Is this dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch Thee†¦A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?† (II, I) They are reminders of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s evil plan to get rid of the King. Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air, as he is about to kill Duncan. The dagger, covered in blood and pointed towards the king’s chamber, represents the cruelty he is about to commit. Macbeth is not the only one to see awful visions, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks and believes that her hands are stained in blood and they will live in sin and without any religion. The hallucinations that are shown throughout the play represent their conscience a...

Which Common App Essay Prompt Should You Choose

Which Common App Essay Prompt Should You Choose SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the one hand, the fact that the Common Application has five essay prompts to choose from is great news! No matter what your story, you’re sure to find a good fit. On the other hand, having five prompts means you can write five different kinds of essays, each with its own potential pitfalls and clichà ©s to steer around. In this article, I’ll outline two totally different approaches to figuring out which Common App essay prompt is right for you and help you brainstorm possible ideas for each. I'll also talk about what makes great college essays great, and give examples of what you want to avoid when crafting your essay. What Are Application Essays for, Anyway? Before you can choose an essay prompt, before you figure out what you’re going to write about, it helps to know what the goal of your writing is. Think about it: if your goal were to give someone instructions, you’d write really differently than if your goal were to describe a landscape. So What is the College Essay Supposed to Do? Admissions officers want to know the things they can’t find in the numbers that make up the rest of your application. They want to know aboutyour background, where you come from, and what has shaped you into the person you are today. They want to see your personality, your character, and your traits as a person. They want to learn your thinking style and perspective on the world. They want to make sure you have the ability to creatively problem solve. And finally, they also want to double check your maturity level, your judgment, and get a general sense of whether you would be a good college student – whether you would thrive in an environment where you have to be independent and self-reliant. So think about the college essay as away of letting the admissions office get to know you the way a close acquaintance would. You have to let them in and share real thoughts, feelings, and some vulnerabilities. You definitely don't need to reveal your deepest darkest secrets, butyou should avoid only showing your surface faà §ade. OMG, Dean of Admissions, I totally have to tell you about the time I singlehandedly hurricane-proofed the local pet shelter. Ok, pinkie-promise you won't tell anyone. How to Brainstorm Ideas for Each Common App Prompt There are two big-picture ways of coming up with essay ideas. Maybe you may already know the story you want to tell. There is something so momentous, so exciting, or so dramatic about your life experience, that there is no doubt that it needs to be in your college application. Or maybe you need to approach finding a topic with some more directed brainstorming. There's nothing wrong with not having a go-to adventure! Instead, you can use the prompts themselves to jog your memory about your interesting accomplishments. Approach #1: Narrating Your Exciting Life Doessomething from your life immediately jump into your head as the thingyou would have to tell anyone who wanted to know the real you? If you already know exactly which of your life experiences you are going to write about, you candevelop this idea before even looking at the prompts themselves. You can ask yourself a few questions to see whether this is your best brainstorming option. Is there something that makes you very different from the people around you? This could be something like being LGBT in a conservative community, having a disability, being biracial, or belonging to a minority group that is underrepresented in your community. Has your life had a watershed moment? Do you think of yourself as before X and after X? For example, did you meet a childhood hero who has had an outsized impact on your life? Did you suddenly find your academic passion? Did you win an award or get recognized in a way you were not expecting to? Did you find yourself in a position of leadership in an unusual time or place? Did you live through something dramatic? A crisis you faced, a danger you overcame, the complete upheaval of your circumstances? Maybe you lived through a natural disaster, made your way home after being lost in the woods, or moved from one country to another? Was your childhood or young adulthood out of the ordinary? Were you particularly underprivileged, or overprivileged in some unusual way? For instance, did you grow up very poor, or as the child of a celebrity? On a boat rather than in a house, or as part of afamily that never stayed long in one place because of your parents’ work or other circumstances? Can I write an essay about my daily commute? I think it's a littlemore involved than most people's. Approach #2:Brainstorming for Each Prompt If you don’t have an unusual life experience or a story that you absolutely know needs to get told, don’t worry! Some of the very best personal essays are about much more mundane, everyday, and small situations that people face. In fact, it’s better to air on the side of small and insightful if you don’t have a really dramatic and unusual big thing to write about. Let’s go through the prompts one by one, and think of some ways to use more ordinary life events to answer them. Prompt #1 Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. This is the broadest of the five prompts. Almost anylife experience that you write about could fit in this category, but you need to be careful to avoid writing the same essay as every other applicant. Brainstorming Ideas Background. Did a family member or friend have a significant influence on your life? Did you grow up in a particularly supportive and tolerant, or narrow-minded and intolerant community? Were your parents not able to provide for you in the expected way? Did you have an unusual home life? For example, my family came to the U.S. as refugees from Russia. By the time I went to college, I had lived in 5 different countries and had gone to 9 different schools. This wasn’t a traumatic experience, but it certainly did shape me as a person, and I wrote about it for my graduate school applicationessay. Identity. Are you a member of an interesting subculture (keep in mind that violent or illegal subcultures are probably best left off your college application)? Do you strongly identify with your ethnic or national heritage? Are you a committed fan of something that someone like you would be expected to dislike? Interest. In this category, esoteric interests are probably better than more generic ones because you don’t want your essay to be the hundredth essay anadmissions officer sees about how much you like English class. Do you like working with your hands to fix up old cars? Do you cook elaborate food? Are you a history buff and know everything there is to know about the war of 1812? Talent. This doesn’t have to be some epic ability or skill. Are you really good at negotiating peace between your many siblings? Do you have the uncanny ability to explain math to the math challenged? Are you a dog or horse whisperer? Are you an unparalleled mushroom forager? Pitfalls to Avoid Insignificance. The thing you describe has to be â€Å"so meaningful† the application â€Å"would be incomplete without it.† Redundancy. If the interest you write about is a pretty common one, like playing a musical instrument or reading books, make sure you have an original angle on how this interest has affected you. Otherwise, your essay runs the risk of being a clichà ©, and you might want to think about skipping this idea. Bragging. If you decide to write about your talent, be aware that by focusing on how very good you are at playing the cello, you run the risk of bragging and coming off as unlikable. It’s much better if you either describe a talent a little more off the beaten path. Or if you do end up writing about your excellent pitching arm, you may want to focus on a time when your athleticism failed you in some way or was unsuccessful. Dear Admissions Committee, my skills as a platform designer for balancing acrobats are sought far and wide... Prompt #2 The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? In essence, you’re being asked to demonstrate resilience. Can you get back on the horse after falling off? Can you pick yourself up and dust yourself off? This quality is really important to colleges, so it's great ifyou have a story that shows off your ability to do this. Brainstorming Ideas The key to this essay is the â€Å"later success† part. If all you went throughwas failure, and you learned no lesson and changed no approach in the future, then don’t use that experience here. Did you lose a game because of a new and poorly rehearsed strategy, but later tweak that strategy to create success? Did you not get the lead in the play, but then have a great experience playing a smaller part? Did you try a new medium only to completely ruin your artwork, but later find a great use for that medium or a way to reconceptualizeyour art? Did you try your best to convince an authority figure of something only to have your idea rejected, but then usea different approach to get your idea implemented? Pitfalls to Avoid Too much failure.Don't focus so much time on the â€Å"failure† half of the equation that you end up not giving enough space to the â€Å"later success† and â€Å"learn from the experience† parts. Too little failure. On the other hand, don't down the negative emotions of failure because of a fear of seeming vulnerable. Playing the victim.Avoid whining, blaming others for your failure, or relying on others to create your success. You should be the story’s hero here. It was the 10th ice cream I had dropped that day. I vowed then and there to never again get ice cream in a cone. I would only rely on cups from now on. Prompt #3 Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? The key to this promptis the reflection or insight that comes from the question â€Å"Would you make the same decision again?† Challenging deeply held views is not always a good idea. Writing about why your answer to this question is "No," could well demonstrate your maturity level and ability to tolerate viewsdifferent from your own. Brainstorming Ideas Remember, the belief or idea could be anyone’s: yours, a peer group’s, an authority figure’s.Did you stand up to your parents’ conservative or traditional values, for instance about gender norms? Did you get your friends to stop bullying someone? Also, the belief or idea also doesn’t have to be extremely serious or big in scope.Did you make dressing up for Halloween cool for teenagers in your town? Did you transform your own prejudice or bias, for example about athletes having interesting thoughts about philosophy? Pitfalls to Avoid Causing offense. If you have a story that deals with super hot button issues – for example, abortion or gun control – you need to be careful to keep your essay's tone respectful and unaggressive. This is a good thing to check by letting other people read your drafts and respond. Avoiding negative feelings. Challenging beliefsmeans pointing outthat what a person thinks now is wrong. It can also be quite lonely and isolating to be on an unpopular side of an issue. It’s important to include these negatives into the story, if they fit. And in conclusion, I now see that trying to convince the Queen to no longer use the Queen's Guard at the palace was a mistake. Prompt #4 Describe a problem you’ve solved or a problem you’d like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma – anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. â€Å"Describe† here means analyze, not just complain. If you can identify a problem, make sure you fully explore all of its aspects. Who is it actually a problem for? Whom does it benefit? Why is the situationthe way that it is? What contributes to the problem? This is a chance to show off your creative thinking and your ability to reason logically. Brainstorming Ideas Notice that the question includes the phrase â€Å"no matter the scale.† Your essay doesn’t necessarily have to be about the global refugee crisis or the intractable problem of child soldiers. If these are not problems you have found solutions to, focus on the things you have actually worked on and fixed (or could see yourself fixing). Intellectual challenge.Did you finally solve the New York Times Sunday crossword in pen? Did you devise an ingenious organization system for your chronically disorganized brother? Do you want to get to the bottom of how birds use magnetic fields to navigate? Research query.Did you meticulously trace your family tree back six, seven, eight generations? Did you solve the mystery of the provenance of an heirloom? Did you uncover the historical significance of a neighborhood building and save it from demolition? Will you study the way voting districts have been determined in your area to solve low voter turnout? Ethical dilemma. Did you calculate a fair way to divide your mom’s comic book collection between you and your siblings? Did you create an emergency evacuation plan for your home that includes both humans and pets? Do you plan on figuring out a way to convince local restaurants to switch to humanely produced meat? Pitfalls to Avoid Overly ambitious predictions.Watch out for overreach if you go with the future-problem aspect of this question. No singleperson is going to cure cancer or generate world peace, so make sure there is at least some realism to your predictions. So after extensive research, I can conclude that Elmer's glue does not in fact have the adhesive power to repair PVC pipe. Prompt #5 Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. Going from childhood to adulthood doesn’t usually happen after one accomplishment or event, but is more of a process. This question is asking you to find one step along the process and explain how it fits into the long thread of your growing up. Brainstorming Ideas Notice that the event you describe can be â€Å"formal or informal.† This means that you don’t need necessarily to tell the story of some big, official ceremony. Instead, you can focus on a small moment that showed you that you were older, more mature, and more responsible than you had been before. Did your family make up its own adulthood initiation ceremony? Were you finally able to beat your mom in chess or shooting hoops, and did that change how she treated you? Did your dad cry in front of you for the first time, making you realize that you were old enough to handle it? Were you suddenly left in charge of younger siblings, and did you rise to the task instead of panicking? Were you allowed to make a big financial decision for the first time and found yourself taking it very seriously? For example, duringmy junior and senior year,my mom traveled extensively for work and my dad lived several states away, so I lived by myself for weeks at a time. It was exhilarating and made me feel independent and mature. But it was also lonely and burdensome, since I had to take care of everything in the house by myself. Living alone was a huge part of my life, shaped me into the person I was, and made me see myself in a new light as a grownup. Pitfalls to Avoid Sameness.Avoid the milestones that happen to everyone: driver’s license, bar/bat mitzvah, etc., unless they happened to you in some extraordinary way. And on the day I could finally fit all three pigeons on my arm, I knew that I was ready to go out into the world and to face my destiny. How to Make Your Idea Into an Essay Now that you've come up withsome possibleideas, how do you go about actually writing theessay? Before you write, you need to have a plan. I like to think about planning out personal essays that I've written by first imagining them as enjoyable movies. You want your reader to walk away entertained, to remember the characters and story, and to want to see more from the same creator. So how do good movies do those things? Character arc. Good movies have main characters that undergo some kind of change or transformation. Who is the main character of your essay? It’s you! The you of your essay has to start one way and end up another: more mature, with a different mindset, or having learned a lesson. Conflict or transformation. Good movies also have challenges. The main character doesn’t simply succeed and then keep on succeeding – that’s boring. Instead, the main character either overcomes an external obstacle or changes in some way from beginning to end. Your essay also needs this kind of story drive. This can come from an obstacle you overcame, an outside force that stood in your way, a disability or weakness you experience, a seemingly unsolvable problem you face. Or it could come from a before/after scenario: you used to be/think/act in one way, but now you've changed into a different/better person. Dramatic set-piece. In good movies, the conflict or transformation aren't just told to the audience. They are acted outin scenes set in specific locations, with dialogue, character close-ups, and different camera angles. In your essay, your storyalso needs to show you dealing with the conflict or transformation you facein a small, zoomed in, and very descriptive scene. Think spoken dialog, think sensory description (what did you see, smell, hear, touch?), think action verbs, think feelings. This scene should function as one illuminating example of what you overcame, or how you changed. Happy ending. Movies that are fun to watch tend to have happy endings. The hero resolves the conflict, emerges a better person, and looks forward to future accomplishments. Your essay also needs to have this kind of closure. This is really not the time to trot out your nihilism or cynicism. Instead, your essay should end on a moment of self understanding and awareness. You lived through something, or you did something, and it affected you in a way that you can verbalize and be insightful about. Coming soon: the story of you, starring you, written and directed by you. Which Prompt Should You Choose? So now that you've brainstormed some topicideas and a game plan for turning those ideas into an essay, how do you narrow it down tothe one? Reverse-Engineer the Perfect Prompt If you used the first brainstorming approach, try to formulate a big picture idea about the story you’re telling. Is the character arc primarily you learning something about yourself or making peace with your background? Sounds like a good fit for prompt #1. Is the conflict about you strugglingto do something buteventually succeeding? That goes well with prompt #2. Does the story focus on a mind being changed about an idea? You want to go with prompt #3. Does your happy ending involve you changing something for the better, fixing something, or solving a problem? Then your essay is ready for prompt #4. Is your character arc about growing up, gaining wisdom, or becoming more mature? Then you’re probably answering prompt #5. Look in Your Heart If you used the second brainstorming approach, get ready to get a little cheesy. Really listen to what your gut feelings are telling you about which of your ideas is most compelling, and which will get your emotional juices flowing on the page. Readers can tell when you're writing about something you care deeply about, so it's worth it to find the topic that has the most meaning to you. Not sure how to tell? Then this is the time to ask you parents, teacher you are close to, or some good friends for their input. Which of your ideas grabs their attention the most? Which do they want to hear more about? Chances are, that's the one that an admissions officer will also find the most memorable. What’s Next? Want a detailed explanation of why colleges ask you to write essays? Check outour explanation of what application essays are for. If you’re in the middle of your essay writing process, you’ll want to see oursuggestions on what essay pitfalls to avoid. When you start working on the rest of your application, don’t misswhat admissions officers wish applicants knew before applying. 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Citizen Kane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Citizen Kane - Essay Example Kane’s mother is trying to talk and send him to Thatcher so that he can receive a better education and have a bright future. The intense stare as the mother looks Kane straight in the eye trying to explain the situation to him shows how much she cares for her son and cares for him to receive a bright future. Kane’s mother wants him to go so as to receive the American dream (Bordwell &Thompson, 2011). There is much tension in the scene when Kane refuses to go with Thatcher as he is content with the kind of life he is living in his humble background. Thatcher and Kane’s mother talk to him through the window as he is playing in the snow. There is an argument as his mother forces him to go with Thatcher. The conversation ends with banging the window and leaves Kane with no option than to go discover the American dream. The relationship between Kane and his mother is an affectionate relationship as Kane loves his love of peace and serenity and quiet. While reading the â€Å"Declaration of Principles†, Kane is cast in a shadow when he is reading the declaration aloud, but once he completes the reading he goes back to light. The use of lighting in this scene says two things about Kane. One is that Kane is not strong to be able to persist with the principles regardless his idealism being genuine (Carringer, 2004). The second thing is that the shadow also shows how the Inquirer and Kane will become the antithesis to the declaration he just read. Leland recounts Kane’s first marriage and suggests he was in love with the wife that is why he married her. Kane was, however, brutal to his first wife that led to the end of their marriage. The breakfast sequence shows a lot of the things that was going on in their married life. At the beginning of the marriage, they are a happy newlywed couple, and they sit next to each other. They talk with smiles and laughs, and Mrs. Kane is wearing

Crisis Interpretation of Organizational Processes with the Symbolic Essay

Crisis Interpretation of Organizational Processes with the Symbolic Frame Reality - Essay Example The Sales Manager does not follow the organizational processes such as communication, meetings, motivation, and evaluation and this is the main reason behind the crisis that is taking place between him and the Sales Representatives at the Branch. The response by the Sales manager, ‘These are privileged positions for people who live privileged lives clearly shows how he does not negotiate meanings, does not provide room for bonding, does not maintain an image of accountability and responsiveness, does not negotiate with his subordinates and does not share values (Bolman and Deal, 2013). The crisis in the organization is simply because the Sales Manager is completely out of reality, does not obey the organizational culture/rituals and this is the reason as to why he plays his roles in a bad manner and this has led to an organizational structure that does not fit the organizational situation hence the

Sexual Frustration in Alfred Hitchcocks Rope Essay -- Rope Film Analys

On May 21, 1924, two highly intelligent university scholars from Chicago, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, executed their highly-calculated plan for the cold-blooded murder of a distant relative of Loebπs, 14-year old Bobby Franks. As students of Nietzscheπs philosophy, Loeb and Leopold had set out to commit the ≥perfect murder≤ in order to actualize the belief that they were of an elite group, superior to the common man, to whom the standard moral code did not apply. So infamous is the story of their murder and eventual detainment that it has become entrenched in American popular culture, with numerous books and films aspiring to recreate it in vivid detail. Amongst these, Alfred Hitchcockπs Rope (1948) stands out as an exemplary achievement both in its cinematic technique as well as its carefully executed plot, which exposes the psychological decomposition of the two murderers as their deed is gradually discovered. However, the aspect of the r eal case that is not explicitly addressed in the film as a result of the censorship codes at the time, but one of the primary reasons that Hitchcock was initially attracted to the project, is the homosexuality of the two young men, a factor which becomes pivotal to a Freudian interpretation of the film. It is the shifting and complicated dynamic between their aggression and, more fundamentally, their frustrated homosexual desires which explains the depravity of their actions. Strewn throughout Rope are many indications that underlying the ostensible story of a murder are unfulfilled homosexual desires of such an intensity that the dialogue and actions of Brandon and Phillip, the names of the two murderers in the film, unintentionally ... ...oing so without danger. If the loss is not compensated for economically, one can be certain that serious disorders will ensue≤ (742). Because society prevented them from gratifying their erotic instincts, the boys had to find other means of maintaining their psychic equilibrium, which, in their case, brought with it only deadly results. References: Freud, Sigmund. "Civilizations and Its Discontents." The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989. Linder, Douglas O. ≥The Leopold and Loeb Trial: A Brief Account.≤ Famous American Trials. 1997. November 2, 2004. Rope. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perfs. James Stewart, Rupert Cadell, John Dall. Videocassette. Warner Brothers & Transatlantic Pictures, 1948.

Brain Imaging

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a condition characterized by recurrent intrusive, often repugnant, and always anxiety-ridden thoughts and images and by sets of ritualized behaviors performed compulsively by the sufferer in an attempt to allay the anxiety. The compulsive behaviors typically provide little relief, however, and the sufferer remains relegated to an anxious and painful daily experience.Thus, the patient who drives over the same speed bump each morning may find it impossible to relieve oneself of the concern that one may have, on a particular morning, driven over a pedestrian instead, and one is compelled to circle the block in a ritualized fashion searching for a crushed body in the street. While the sufferer is able to acknowledge the perverse and senseless nature of the rituals, this insight alone fails to relieve the experience of helplessness (Pauls et al. , 1995).As has been true of most psychiatric disorders, traditional etiologic explanations have been based on psychoanalytic findings and constructs. Formulations of the illness based on cognitive processing models represent a more recent development. Still more recently, a significant reconceptualization of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology has followed the development of modern functional imaging technologies, and a biologically-oriented and brain-centered view of OCD has emerged in light of the substantial findings from the last decades.The most popular brain theory to date explains the pathogenesis of OCD as an imbalance in the action of a pair of interrelated neural circuits which, under normal circumstances, maintain one another in a state of functionally balanced tone. It may be parenthetically added that, to the extent these brain data are themselves understood, it has become possible to evaluate psychological theories of OCD in functional terms (Robinson et al. , 1991). The neurobiology of OCD has been a subject of research interest for several decades, with the disorder havi ng become increasingly formulated as a neuropsychiatric illness.Modern neuropsychiatric hypotheses have been guided by data having its origins in data derived from the direct study of OCD patients using newly developed non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Significant findings from this area of inquiry are summarized in the following pages. Background to OCD OCD symptomatology has been reported among patients with closed head trauma to the basal gangliar structures and among those with basal ganglia lesions demonstrable subsequent to carbon monoxide poisoning and to wasp sting (McKeon, 1984).Symptoms have additionally presented as a clinical feature both of striatal necrosis and frontal lobe lesion (Siebyl et al, 1989). Thus, the initial background of data around OCD has implicated the basal gangliar structures, particularly the striatum, and, to a lesser extent, the frontal lobe. Imaging studies of the living brain are generally divisible into two distinct categories, those repres enting morphologic or structural abnormality, on the one hand, and those representing disturbance of function at the cellular or metabolic levels, possibly with only very small or wholly undetectable changes in morphology, on the other.The distinction is important: while investigation at the level of structure and morphology will reveal atrophic change or gross pathology (eg. , tumor, trauma, etc. ,) investigation at the metabolic level provides a window directly into what has been termed, in traditional discourse, â€Å"functional mental illness. † That is, structures which have retained their morphologic integrity may nonetheless be shown to be functioning in metabolically hyperactive or hypoactive state relative to normal. In the interest of maintaining this important distinction, studies deriving from the two imaging modality groups are reviewed here separately.Structural brain imaging studies Luxenberg, Swedo, Flament et al. (1989) used quantitative Computed Tomography ( qCT) to analyze the morphologic volumes of various brain structures believed key in OCD. Clinical subjects with childhood-onset OCD were selected on the basis of active and unabated symptomatology of at least one year during their illness. While depressive symptomatology with onset after obsessional illness was not an exclusion criterion, none of the patients was depressed at the time of the qCT examination.The researchers found that mean caudate nucleus volume in the patients was significantly less than that of control subjects. No other significant brain abnormalities were found. Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al (1984), report on the administration of CT scans and neuropsychological test measures to 16 adolescents with OCD and 16 matched controls. Patients were found to have significantly increased ventricular size (relative to whole-brain volume) and to show spatial-perceptual deficits on the Money Road Map Test of Directional Sense.The Money Map Test uses a simulated street map w ith a route indicated by a dotted line. The subject traverses the route and indicates a right or left turn at each choice point. Near the midpoint of the examination the subject is required to mentally rotate himself in order to reverse his own right-left reference. Patients with frontal lobe lesions have been reported to do poorly on this task. Subjects' ventricular size and neuropsychological test findings were not significantly correlated, however, and the researchers suggest that significant co-morbidity within the patient sample led to unexpected results.In fact, the patient sample had been selected on the basis of its extraordinary psychiatric symptomatology: â€Å"It is possible that (the OCD subjects) are atypical in that adult patients commonly report being able to conceal their symptoms after clear onset in childhood† (Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al. , 1984, p. 365). The results of the Behar study are also inconsistent with those of Insel and associates (1983), who report neither ventricular enlargement on CT brain imaging nor significant neuropsychological deficits on the Halstead-Reitan battery of neuropsychological tests in 18 adult OCD sufferers.Confirmation for ventricular enlargement is likewise not observed in the present majority of structural brain studies. Garber, Ananth, Chiu, and colleagues (1988) performed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans on 32 patients meeting the DSM-III criteria for OCD in an investigation of the caudate and ventricular findings. Subjects were judged free of psychopathology other than OCD on the basis of psychiatric testing and evaluation, and severity of OCD symptoms was rated at the time of MRI by means of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.MRI creates highly detailed anatomical images using radiofrequency resonance signals elicited from the hydrogen atoms of tissue under study. The technique produces structural images which are in many respects (eg. , spatial resolution) quite superior to those provided by CT (Garber et al. , 1988). Further, a technical routine known as â€Å"spin-lattice relaxation time† (or Tl), in which a summary measurement of the time required for protons excited within host molecules to relax to baseline is taken as a direct measurement of the mobility of water protons in membranes and fluids.In the study with OCD patients, Behar and colleagues discovered significantly lengthier corrected Tl values for clinical subjects relative to controls in the lenticular nuclei and the right frontal lobes white matter. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity in both samples, subgroups within the clinical sample were developed on the basis of family history and medication status and analyzed against one another. No between group differences were noted based on medication status.Patients with family histories of OCD differed from those with no such histories in the anterior cingulum, showing significantly briefer Tl values. No gross structural differenc es were specific to the OCD group. Garber and colleagues (1988) ascribe the altered Tl include to subtle atrophy in the right frontal cortex or diminished blood flow to this region, corresponding to a decline in frontal cortical metabolism. Involvement is also suggested on the parts of the cingulate gyms and lenticular nuclei.These areas are components of frontal-limbic pathways that may mediate the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; surgical alteration of the relationships among structures within these pathways have produced symptomatic improvements. Moreover, the authors propose that hereditary influences on the illness may be most directly expressed in the cingulate region. The implication of the frontal lobes and cingulate gyms in OCD suggests abnormalities in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits.Robinson, Wu, and Munne et al. (1995) used MRI in a structural volumetric analysis of selected brain regions within or adjacent to these circuits in 26 patients with OCD (DSM-VI-R criteria). While subjects were screened for a number of exclusionary criteria, co-morbidity with depression was not among these. Twenty-six screened normal control subjects were matched to the OCD patients. In results which directly contradict those of Scarone, Colombo, and Ambruzzese, et al.(1992), in which right caudate nucleus size was found by MRI to be increased in patients with OCD, Robinson and colleagues report a significantly diminished morphometic volume for the caudate nuclei bilaterally. These findings are consistent with those of Luxenberg et al. (1988), described above, in which morphometric analysis by CT indicated significantly reduced caudate nucleus volume in patients with OCD. Study by Alyward, Schwartz, and Machlin et al. (1991) report no statistically significant differences between OCD and normal subjects on MRI studies of caudate volume.Their report demonstrates a direct correlation in patients with OCD between the putamen volume and the Global Seve rity of psychopathology score developed by the National Institute of Mental Health as well as between the caudate volume and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, but found no correlations with the Y-BOCS total score or with the obsessions or compulsions subscore on this instrument. Curiously, however, division of the patients with OCD into subgroups based on a history of depression did not demonstrate a significant difference.Imaging measures were similar between subjects with and without medication histories. There was no evidence of ventricular enlargement in patients with OCD. As a group, studies of brain morphology and structure have returned substantially inconsistent findings in OCD; particularly differing are reports on the caudate nucleus and striatal region. Different study methods and small sample sizes may account partially for these discrepant findings and represent problems which must ultimately be overcome before a valid consensus can be reached.The significant prevalence of OCD symptomatology within neurologic populations and its high co-morbidity with depression contribute to the potential for heterogeneity in OCD samples (Pauls, 1995). The Alyward finding of increased caudate volume in OCD subjects with higher depression scale scores, but not among OCD subjects at large, not only reveals the heterogeneity of the disorder but illustrates the necessity of rigorously defining sample parameters before meaningful comparison and replication may be undertaken.Such rigor has not yet been sufficiently applied in structural imaging studies. Notwithstanding these issues, the question of a chronic degenerative process with resultant caudate diminution over time is suggested by certain of the data, in particular light of the fact that most of the OCD patients studied by the Robinson and Luxenberg groups were longtime sufferers. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be needed to determine whether caudate volume changes in OCD are progressive.Additiona lly, because structural brain imaging modalities are sensitive only to pathology which has resulted in physical change in tissue, they omit consideration of metabolic or functional change. The following section offers a discussion of imaging findings based on functional processes of the brain; modalities of this type substantially enlarge the data available from structural imaging alone. Functional brain imaging studiesFunctional brain imaging refers collectively to that set of techniques used to derive images reflecting biochemical, physiologic, or electrical properties of the central nervous system (Devous, 1995). The most developed of these techniques have in common the registration of such data in digitized maps which thus represent visually to the diagnostician or researcher the relative metabolic activations among brain structures of interest (provided that the dimensions of these lay within the spatial resolution capability of the particular technique).The maps can typically be rendered in any standard anatomical plane for the sake of further clarifying these metabolic relationships. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), so named for the species of radioactive decay on which it depends, and the more economical and widely available modality of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) each registers in a digitized functional map relative regional metabolic activations for any given brain state (eg. , under challenge, during active symptomatology, at rest, and so forth).SPECT maps the distribution of a radioactively labeled pharmaceutical administered intravenously administered to a subject and typically designed to integrate itself into brain blood flow processes in a manner correspondent to the relative activations of the latter (Devous, 1995). The emission of gamma radiation from the agent after it has been allowed to incorporate itself into brain tissue enables the subsequent mapping of blood perfusion densities across cortical regions with the use of SPECT imaging hardware.Blood flow and metabolism are tightly coupled within the brain under most normal and pathologic circumstances, and therefore inferences about neurometabolism are accurately informed by measures of relative blood flow (Devous, 1995). One of the more popular radiopharmaceuticals for such blood flow mapping is referred to generically as â€Å"HMPAO,† an acronym for the chemical structure of the agent. Bound to this chemical structure is the radioactive element Technetium-99m, which is favored as an imaging isotope because of its half-life and energy characteristics (Devous, 1995).Two facts of brain function are pertinent to any review of imaging studies in this area. The first of these requires the reader to keep in mind that an activated cortical region may be inhibitory or excitatory. In the basal ganglia system, for example, excitatory and inhibitory input sf contribute mutually to a functionally balanced neural tone. The second fact is closely related: A system which lies efferent to the hypermetabolic one will correspond to the nature of this input: Inhibitory or excitatory.Notwithstanding the complexities connected to image interpretation, the functional modalities have permitted the development of a more conclusive body of evidence regarding brain function in OCD than has been the case with structural imaging modalities. A consensus has emerged around increased activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less agreement exists with respect to the role of the striatum and associated basal gangliar structures. Rubin, Villanueva-Meyer, and Ananth et al.(1995) studied ten adult male patients with OCD and ten age-matched adult male normal controls using SPECT Patients with OCD had significantly increased uptake of the metabolic tracer radionuclide in the high dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, in the left posterofrontal cortex, and in the orbital frontal cortex bilaterally The patients also had significantly reduced t racer uptake in the head of the caudate nucleus bilaterally, but not in the putamen or thalamus, consistent with the hypothesized reduction of caudate nucleus activity in OCD. Baxter, Schwartz, Maziotta et al.(1992) reports findings which conflict with those of Rubin and co-workers on the activation of the caudate nuclei. In the Baxter study, ten non-depressed OCD patients were compared with ten age- and gender-matched normals using PET scans. Subjects were screened for current co-morbidity with major depression, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymia. All but two subjects had suffered from depressive disorders in the past. Comparison of the scans indicated that patients with OCD had significantly higher overall glucose metabolic rate values than normal controls.Orbital gyri were significantly higher in metabolic activation bilaterally, as were the bilateral heads of the caudate nuclei. As described, Rubin et al. (1995) report diminished metabolic activity in the head of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Machlin, Harris, and Pearlson, el al. (1991) found elevated blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and cingulate (termed the medial-frontal region) in ten OCD patients studied with SPECT relative to a matched sample of eight normals.Several other well-conceived functional imaging studies implicate the structures of both the Papez circuit and Modell's hypothesized fronto-striatal-pallido-thalamic-frontal loop. Swedo et al. (1989) compared 18 OCD patients and 18 normals using PET, and while no whole-brain glucose metabolic differences were found between groups, the left orbitofrontal, right sensorimotor, and bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions were notably higher in adults with childhood-onset OCD. Within this group, a positive correlation emerged between glucose uptake in the prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions and state measures of anxiety.In addition, responders to treatment with clomipramine were distinguishable from non-responders on the basis of regional changes in the right cingulate and right orbitofrontal regions, with response failures evincing significantly higher pre-therapy activations. Baxter et al. (1992), in a series of studies with a total of 24 adult patients with OCD, found increased FDG uptake in the cerebral hemispheres overall, and in the orbital gyri and caudate nuclei in the OCD group as compared to normal controls.Rubin, et al (1995) used SPECT imaging and found elevated uptake in the dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, the left posterofrontal cortex and the OFC bilaterally. The group also found decreased uptake in the heads of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Two paired comparisons have been made of OCD subjects before and after symptom aggravation. Rauch et al. (1994) used oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide PET to study individually tailored provocative stimuli in order to provoke symptoms in eight patients with OCD.Paired comparisons pre- and post-challenge yielded an increase in regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in the right caudate nucleus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and also bilaterally in the OFC subsequent to challenge. McGuire et al. (1992) studied four OCD patients during actual exposure to contaminants in a pattern tailored individually to produce successively greater degrees of anxiety. rCBF was found to increase in the OFC, neostriatum. globus pallidus, and thalamus in relation to the urge to perform compulsive movements.These two paired comparisons of patients pre- and post-challenge provide a unique opportunity to examine differences between a resting and an obsessional state in the same patient during a brief period. Further, such an examination sheds light on the manner in which inconsistencies among functional imaging studies may be due to variations in the mental state of obsessional patients at the time of the imaging studies. While the architecture of the anxiety challenge varies considerably between the Rauch and McGuire protocols, it remain s nonetheless somewhat disappointing that more consistent findings are not elicited in the paired comparisons.In these studies, as in the literature more generally, substantial disagreement exists on the response of the cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. It is noteworthy, however, that the two paired challenge studies concur with respect to the hyperactivated state of the OFC. It is on the issue of striatal, specifically caudate, activation and morphology that most disagreement exists across both the structural and functional brain imaging studies. It is possible to speculate on the cause of this inconsistency: Caudate metabolism may be a state, rather than a trait, marker in OCD.It may also be that pathology in this region is progressive: Subjects with damaged striatal mechanisms may, for instance, manifest a hypermetabolic condition in the region for some lengthy period before an atrophic process ultimately begins and results in the opposite finding, hypometabolism and volumetri c diminution over a period of time. Uniformity across subject samples in terms both of length and history of illness and co-morbidity with other pathology is therefore essential to further investigation of this region in OCD. ConclusionThe two categories of imaging study at times assume roles along a continuum of pathological severity or etiology. For example, a degenerative change in tissue density or overall size and shape may have developed only after a lengthy period of metabolic dysregulation. An imaging technique sensitive only to morphology would pick up such pathology only at a relatively late stage in its development. Early changes, those occurring at the metabolic level, would be visualized only by means of a functional imaging technique. On the issue of orbital and frontal activation there exists substantial agreement.Although a great deal of data implicates these structures, it is not yet possible to demonstrate which specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms are related to the observed abnormalities in these neuroanatomic regions or what specific role the region plays in the neuropsychology of the illness. References Alyward E. H, Schwartz J, Machlin S, Pearison G. D. (1991). Bicaudate ratio as a measure of caudate volume on MR images. American Journal ofNeuroradiology, 12, 1217-1222. Baxter L. R. , Schwartz J. M. , Bergman K. S. , Szuba M. P. , Guze B. H. , Mazziotta J C , Alazraki A, Selin C. E. , Phelps ME (1992).Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681-689. Behar D, Rapoport J. L. , Berg C. J. , Denckla MB, Mann L, Cox C , Fedio P. , Zahn T, Wolfman M. G (1984). Computerized tomography and neuropsychological test measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 363-368. Devous M. D. , (1995). Instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals, and technical factors. In: Van Heertum R. L. , Tikoftky R. S. (eds. ) Cerebral SPECTImaging. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd.1995. Garber H. J. , Weilburg J. B. , Buonanno F. S. (1988). Use of magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 164-171. Insel T. R. , Donnelly E. F. , Lalakea ML, Alterman IS, Murphy D. L (1983). Neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 741-751. Luxenberg J. S. , Swedo S. E. , Flament M. F. , Friedland R. P. , Rapoport JR. , Rapoport S. I. (1988). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder detected with quantitative X-ray computed tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1089-1093.Machlin S. R. , Harris G. J. , Pearlson CD. , Hoehn-Sanc R, Jeffery P. , Camargo E. E. (1991). Elevated medial-frontal cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients: ASPECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1240-1242. McGuire P. K. , Bench C. J. , Frith CD, Marks I. M. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Dolan R. J. ( 1994). Functional anatomy of obsessive compulsive phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 459-468. McKeon J. , McGuffin P. , Robinson P. (1984). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis following head injury: A Report of four cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 190-192.Pauls D. L. , Alsobrook J. P. , Goodman W, Rasmussen S. , Leckman J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76-84. Rauch S. L. , Jenicke MA, Alpert N. M. , Baer L, Breiter H. C. , Savage C. R. , Fischman A. J. (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive compulsive disorder using oxygen-15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 62-70. Robinson D. , Wu H. , Munne R. A. , Ashtari M. , Alvir J. M. J. , Lemer G. , Koreen A. , Cole K, Bogerts B.(1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 393-398. Rubin R. T. , Ananth J, Vilianueva-Meyer J. , Trajmar PC, Mena I. (1995). Regional Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow and cerebral Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and during treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 429-437. Scarone S. , Colombo C, Ambruzzese L. S. , Ronchi P. , Locatelli M , Smeraldi S. G. , ScottiG. (1992). Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Detection with magnetic resonance imaging.Psychiatry and Research Neuroimaging, 45, 115-121. Seibyl, J. P. , Krystal J. H. , Goodman W. K. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with a right frontal lobe lesion: Response to lithium augmentation of trancypromine. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 295-299. Swedo S. E. , Rapoport J. L. , Cheslow D. L. , Leonard H. L. , Ayoub E. M. , Hosier D. M. , Wald E. R. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 246-249.